Antomical Dead Space and Frc Essay Example

Antomical Dead Space and Frc Paper Anatomical dead space and functional residual capacity (FRC) play a very important role to ensure the constancy of alveolar gas tensions. Firstly it is important to understand what the anatomical dead space and FRC actually are. The anatomical dead space refers to the gas in the conducting areas of the respiratory system where air does not come into contact with alveoli. Examples of places in the respiratory system where anatomical dead space is present are the mouth and trachea. The functional residual capacity is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal and passive expiration. It is usually measured at approximately 2. 5 litres of air. Both the FRC and the anatomical dead space are essential in maintaining the constancy of alveolar gas tensions. To highlight there importance, it would be very useful to imagine the situation within the respiratory tract if they were not present. The consequence of these two factors not being present means that the inspired air would be equal to the normal tidal volume and the lungs would completely empty on expiration. This would mean that the air breathed in would equilibrate itself with the blood flowing in the lungs. Hence the pCO2 and pO2 levels in the blood flowing out of the lungs would have equilibrated itself with the gas tensions in the inspired air. Then when expiration takes place, no gas is present in the lungs as it has completely emptied itself. The effects of this are that on inspiration, diffusion would take place in between the inspired air and the blood. Due to this the blood pO2 levels would become atmospheric. This means the blood would have 20 Kpa of O2 and 0 Kpa of Co2 as the atmospheric air has a negligible concentration of CO2. We will write a custom essay sample on Antomical Dead Space and Frc specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Antomical Dead Space and Frc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Antomical Dead Space and Frc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As we have such a low concentration of CO2 in the lungs, there is a shift in the carbonic acid equilibrium. Due to this there is less carbonic acid produced as there is no CO2 and the blood becomes more alkaline. This is known as alkalosis. On expiration, as there is a high pH in the blood due to alkalosis, there is another shift in the carbonic acid equation. This time however, the body tries to lower the pH of the blood. This is known as acidosis and causes a low pH in the blood. Thus there would be significant changes in the pH while breathing in and out as blood is continuously flowing throughout our body. Hence this would have a major debilitating effect on the enzyme function within our body as enzymes work under very specific conditions. The loss of enzyme function could lead to some serious problems within our body as enzymes are involved in most of the important metabolic reactions. Another issue that could arise would be that when you breathe out you would only be left with around 5 Kpa of O2 in the blood and this is not enough to sustain the cells within our body. This could lead to cell starvation which is known as hypoxia. The FRC of the lung is maintained at about 2500ml. On average, 500ml of air enters with every normal inspiration. Of this 500ml, 150ml does not reach the alveoli and becomes part of the anatomical dead space. The remaining 350ml of air reaches the alveoli to take part in gaseous exchange. Hence according to these calculations, only 350ml of fresh air reaches the lungs. Hence as the FRC is 2. 5 litres, fluctuations of 350ml don’t cause any major changes in the pCO2 and pO2 concentrations. They thus stay constant at around 13 Kpa of O2 and 5 Kpa of Co2 and hence drastic fluctuations in gas concentrations are avoided. The dead space also prevents infection and warms up incoming air. Due to the FRC and anatomical dead space being present, constant conditions are provided which allow our body to function optimally. Even though we know the importance of FRC and anatomical dead space, it is essential to measure them. There are two main techniques used for their measurement. Anatomical dead space is measured using the Fowler’s method which is also known as the nitrogen washout method. The FRC is measured using the helium dilution technique. A brief overview of both these methods is given below. In the nitrogen washout method the patient is made to inhale a breath of 100 percent oxygen. The patient then exhales through a one way valve which measures the nitrogen content and volume in the expired breath. There airways only contain oxygen but the alveoli also contain nitrogen. When the patient expires the nitrogen content is monitored. A nitrogen vs expired volume curve is plotted by increasing nitrogen concentration from zero to the concentration of nitrogen within the alveoli. The concentration of nitrogen increases as the air from the dead space is expired and eventually reaches a plateau once the alveolar air starts to be exhaled. The concentration is initially zero because the patient is exhaling dead space oxygen that they just breathed in. As we know this oxygen does not take part in gaseous exchange. It then increases as the air in the dead space mixes with that of the alveoli. The anatomical dead space can be obtained from this curve by drawing a vertical line down the curve so that the area to the left of the line is equal to that of the area to right of the line. The graph obtained can be seen below. In the helium dilution technique, a closed system circuit is setup where a spirometer is filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen. The concentration of helium used in the spirometer is calculated and recorded. Helium is used because it is an inert gas and it has very low solubility in blood. The patient is made to expire normally and is then made to inhale from the spirometer. As the patient inhales the helium mixes with the remaining air present in the lungs. The patient is made to take a few breaths and this causes the concentration of helium in the spirometer to equilibrate with that of the lungs. The final concentration of helium in the spirometer is noted. The FRC is calculated using the equation: FRC = [(Initial Helium concentration/ final Helium concentration)-1] x volume of spirometer. D? In conclusion it can be seen that both the FRC and the anatomical dead space are essential for the proper functioning of the respiratory system and without them our body would face some very serious health implications. BIBLIOGRAPHY ‘Medical Physiology’ by Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep ‘Human Physiology’ the basics of medicine. 2nd edition by Pocock G, Richards C. ‘Respiratory Physiology The Essentials’. 7th edition by West J. http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/anatomical+dead+space

German Christmas Ornaments

German Christmas Ornaments What are all those things that you see for sale at the Christmas market? In todays article, youll get to know more about German Christmas ornaments and what they mean. Erzgebirge Decorations Although Christmas is a magical spectacle anywhere in Germany, one of its most famous Christmas regions is the Erzgebirge (the ore mountains) located in Saxony close to the Czech border. Most of the decorations in this article were invented in this region, so that the name now stands for the best and most beautiful Christmas decorations available in Germany.    Decorations for Advent In Germany, the season leading up to Christmas starts with erster Advent (1st Advent Sunday). This is the fourth Sunday before Christmas and is welcomed with the wonderful song Wir sagen euch an den lieben Advent. Adventskranz The Adventskranz (advent wreath) consists of an evergreen wreath and four candles. Every Sunday in advent, a new candle is lit and the wreath marks the passage of time and approach of Christmas in this way. Adventskalender German households rarely miss out on their chance to bring in an Adventskalender (advent calendar). Most of us know these products as commercial, chocolate-filled cardboard boxes, but in Germany its also customary for parents or couples to surprise each other with gebastelte (home-crafted) calendars made up of a small surprise for every single day. If you want to get involved with a slice of German christmas, Adventskalender basteln is a wonderful start. Note that a real German advent calendar will not include a compartment for 25 December, because the main event of Christmas in Germany is celebrated on Christmas eve (Heiligabend). This is when the presents are exchanged, relegating 1. Weihnachtstag (Christmas Day) to a lower level of significance. The beginning of advent also marks the right time to start the Christmas countdown. Its time to dig out the following ornaments: Schwibbbà ¶gen The Schwibbbogen is a traditional candle arch to be displayed in a homes window at Christmas time. The design is always round, indicating that it is a Bogen (bow). The word Schwib- originates from the German verb schweben (to float), because the candles are arranged to float on top of the bow.   Weihnachtspyramide (Christmas Pyramid)   This Erzgebirge design is one of my Christmas decoration favourites. The traditional Christmas pyramid uses Physics to create magic. The bottom of the pyramid features candleholders arranged in a circular pattern, and at the top you can find a wind-operated fan. As the candles heat up the air, it rises to the fan and starts to move its little wings. The result is a gentle spinning motion, creating a sense of calm and magic in any room. The Christmas pyramid was allegedly conceived by poorer households who could not afford Christmas trees. Today it is an integral part of German Christmas anywhere. Ruchermann (Smoker) These incense burners are extremely popular everywhere in Germany. Traditionally designed as wooden dolls that resemble a pipe smoker, many Christmas markets now sell a huge range of smokers that represent hobbies and professions. According to ore mountain lore, the creation of the smoker goes back to the 19th century when a crafty tree trunk convinced a poor lumberjack to free the figurine within.      Nussknacker (Nutcrackers)   Traditional German Nussknacker walk the line between Christmas magic and kitsch beautifully. Originally a household staple for colder days when nuts were a staple in the local winter diet. This guide to the nutcracker  goes into more detail about where the design originated.   A Magical Christmas I hope you have enjoyed this small window into the world of a German christmas. For those who really cannot get enough and want to experience all these decorations in action, the German Christmas Museum  offers an immersive Christmas experience all year round. But at this time of year, look no further than your next Christmas market and enjoy seeing everything while enjoying a mulled wine.

Law of Insurance Contract Disputes Personal Statement

Law of Insurance Contract Disputes - Personal Statement Example For consideration also is the choice-of-law analysis as Travelers Insurance is located in New Jersey while Aetna Casualty and Surety are in Virginia.  Ã‚   The court is correct in siding with Aetna in this case. A failure to exercise the right to respond to an offer for settlement (either by acceptance or rejection) is construed as a waiver on the part of the claimant. Two years is a long enough period of time to make a reasonable response and failure to do so constitute unreasonable delay (Stempel, 1998). The statute is presumed to have started or accrued from the time of the accident (October 1981) and not on the date of the initial offer by Aetna Casualty (November 08, 1982). The claimant, in this case, did not file any case within the two-year limitation of the statute. Civil claims should be filed within two years from the date of the accident in order to avoid the possibility of a dismissal (Schneider April 26, 2004). The offer to settle was initiated instead by the adverse party of the claimant. Further, the record shows claimant's counsel did not contradict the evidence showing customary industry practice is to respond to a settlement offer within a few weeks, not in months or years. Additionally, the claimant did not indicate immediate acceptance but only signified it a year and three months after the initial offer was made – on February 4, 1984, from the offer date of November 08, 1982 (Matthews, 2009).     

Allegory of the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example I have personally been caught up in a cave situation with the belief in the stereotype that men do better academically than women. This is a stereotype I had lived with for long time and would usually feel agitated to find women classmates beat me in my fourth grade. The thinking that women are inferior in academics compared to men is indeed a stereotype because some women have achieved great academic success than me. I see my situation similar to Plato’s case when some human figures remain chained under the caves, away from light and that life is indeed civilized and enjoyable. The human figures under the cave live as prisoners and some new intervention is needed to get these people out of their current lives to enjoying all the good things that life has to offer (Plato, Cowley & Tantor Media, 2011). It was until I joined a study group that I came to realize that women shared the same wisdom that men did and no gender was of less importance. I came to the realization that performance in academic is all about hard work, passion, and dedication and not about gender. Joining the group was such a powerful intervention to my stereotype cave because I saw with my own eyes, women take over responsibility and do work in the same manner a man would. The woman leader led the groups to great discussions, alignment, and presentations and we were able to beat all other groups, even others led by men. This challenged my stereotypic thinking and prompted change to the way I perceived women. My change process came in three major steps. First was the realization of the stereotypical cave I was living in (Farahar & Zahra Pictures, 2006). Here I realized that I was living with beliefs that were no longer applicable in a civilized society. Second was the desire to change. Here I decided to change t his was my first step in getting out of the cave. The third step was to join a movement that would assist me get out of the cave completely. I

Human Nature or Affirmative Action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Human Nature or Affirmative Action - Assignment Example In all their activities they engage in, the human kind engage in activities that are geared towards achieving their individual targets but also, they at the back of their minds bear the ideology that this should not infringe of their neighbors peace and existence. This explains the existence of treaties and protocols, the peace deals and the different national and international organizations, groups and societies that exist in an effort of human kind to work together towards the achievement of their common goals at the different levels. The egalitarian belief will be used in subsequent arguments for my view which supports moral rights to euthanasia, in order to protect the innocent from unnecessary suffering. Libertarianism will also be incorporated due to its notion that anything done among adults with their consent is morally allowable and so is its stance against paternalism. On top of this, principles that are related to prima facie or that are prima facie of the actual beneficen ce and normal evidence will be used, mostly the well known kindness virtue in normal perfectionism. This kindness virtue is very well known to many people, and those who know its importance regularly display or use it. Then, I will persistently try to employ the use of utilitarianism also. 2A. As opposed to the simple-minded historical relativism which is traceable to Hegel’s influence, the deficiency when it comes to moral philosophy that combines consistency in theory and fidelity to known facts regarding human nature does not really change; this is because the problems have relatively remained the same in the changing social conditions. Blind alleys have revealed both the past theories and their critics; therefore it is possible to be on the past moral philosopher’s shoulders while trying to come nearer to both the facts of human nature and the new social conditions. Although one could sit in the same room with great mind in this field such as Plato, Montaigne, Hobb es, Aristotle and Adam Smith just to mention a few, one can read a paper regarding procedural justice to these brilliant minds. In the proceeding discussion, it is evident that those present were deliberating on the same subject and that it was certain that this was not a subject sustainable only by the syllabus used in a university. The underpinnings and origins of justice is what the discussion is likely to touch on, that is of the universal and usual elements present in justice, and the private to public relation of morality (Hampshire 157). 2B. I agree with this statement. 2C. Human nature naturally exists and this is the ability of a human being to make a perception about something. I believe it is a biological element that exists between us and gives us a way to go about different events and activities in life. It is our human nature that enables us to respect the virtues that are there to guide us on how we go about our daily activities. The virtues like honesty, loyalty and many others are guided by our human nature. We are able to forgive ourselves and others because of our human nature (Aristotle 14). Our responses to tasks and activities portray our human nature like when we are sad, we cry, when we are hungry, we look for food and eat and many other activities. Our ability to choose who to love and who to hate and the fact that we make this choices based on reasons and conviction from within us proves to us that human

The Entity Relationship Diagram

The Entity Relationship Diagram Design the database system for Petcare. Petcare is a medium sized veterinary surgery with six branches across London. They want a database system developed to handle the records of the animals they care for, prescriptions and appointments. Entity-relationship diagram An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data modeling technique that creates a graphical representation of the entities, and the relationships between entities, within an information system. This diagram is often used as a way to visualize a relational database: each entity represents a database table, and the relationship lines represent the keys in one table that point to specific records in related tables. ERDs may also be more abstract, not necessarily capturing every table needed within a database, but serving to diagram the major concepts and relationships. Definition of relationship A relationship is some association between entities. Relationship is shown by line between entities. Relationship lines indicate that each instance of an entity may have a relationship with instances of the connected entity, or vice versa. Definition of entity attribute An entity is characterized by a number of properties or attributes. Values assigned to attributes are used to distinguish one entity from another. Definition of Optionality and Cardinality Symbols at the ends of the relationship lines indicate the optionality and the cardinality of each relationship. Optionality expresses whether the relationship is optional or mandatory. Cardinality expresses the maximum number of relationships. Before analyzing the entities, let have a look the definition of entity. An entity can define as a thing which an organization recognizes as being capable of an independent existence and which can be uniquely identified. In addition, an entity is an abstraction from the complexities of some domain. Each entity is shown in box within the ERD. In this case study, the entities of the Veterinary Surgery are identified as followed: Owner is represented owners of animals which included name, address, home telephone number and mobile telephone number; Animal is represented information of an animal which included sex, age and owner Breed is represented information of breed for each animal type AnimalType is represented type of animal (dog, cat, rabbit, etc) Appointment Petcare keep the following information: the animal the appointment is for, the owner of the animal who requested the appointment, which veterinary doctor the appointment is with, the time and date of the appointment, the diagnosis made and the charge made for the appointment Prescription is represented record shows the period, in days, that the drug must be taken for. The cost of the medication is also recorded Drug contains the name of the drug DrugType contains the name of the drug type (Anti-biotic, Painkiller, Behaviour modification, Ear medication, Skin medication) Vet is represented the following information kept about them: name, address, home telephone number, and mobile telephone number Branch is kept for each branch of Petcare. This records the name of the branch (Enfield, Islington, Hackney, Holloway, Chingford or Leyton), address of the branch, telephone number, opening hours and emergency contact telephone number. Identifying the relationships for the model: Relationships mean that in a relational database, all entities have bonds between them, expressed as relationships. The relationship is a link between to entities, and it tells us something about which relationships exists between our entities. In the ER approach, more than one relationship can exist between any two entities. What is one-to-many and many-to-many Entity Relationship~ One-to-Many Entity Relationship is by far the most common relationship type. It consists of either a one through many or a zero through many notations on one side of a relationship and a one and only one or zero or one notation on the other. However, we can summarize all the entities to the Entity Relationship Data Model. Diagram for Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by Petcare. Owner Breed Animal Prescription Drug DrugType AnimalType Appointment VetAnimalType Vet Branch Fig 1 entity relationship diagram for the Petcare. Normalized Tables Table is a data (value), which is the model of the vertical columns (which identifies the name) and the horizontal lines. A specified number of columns in the table, but may be any number of rows. Each row to identify the subset of the values in the column, which has been identified as a candidate key. Table in another term relationship, although there is the difference that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) as a series, and does not allow copies. In addition, the actual data rows, the panels are generally associated with some other meta-data, such as restrictions on the table or the values in columns. Primary key: Primary key is a field or combination of fields that uniquely identify a record in the table, so each tag can be placed without confusion. Primary key is the field (s) (primary key can be made up of more than one field) that uniquely identifies each record, ie the primary key is unique to each record and the value will never be duplicated in the same table. A constraint is a rule that defines what data are valid for the area. So the primary key constraint is the rule which says that the primary key field can not be empty and can not contain duplicate data. Database systems usually have more than one table, and these are usually related in any way. For example, a customer table and an Order table relate to each other on a unique customer number. The customer table will always be a record for each customer, and the Order table has a record for each order that the customer has. Foreign keys: A foreign key (sometimes referred to as the reference key) is a key used to link two tables together. Typically, you will have a primary key field from one table and paste it into another table, which becomes the foreign key (the primary key in the original table). A foreign key constraint that the data in the foreign keys must be consistent with the primary key of the table is linked. This is called reference integrity is to ensure that data entered is correct and is not unique Definition of Normalization Database normalization is a technique to reduce to the minimum duplication of information for designing relational database tables and in doing so to maintain the database for certain types of structural and logical problems, that is to say data anomalies. For example, when a given piece of information has multiple instances to be found in a table, this possible happen that these instances will not be kept consistent during the data in the table is updated, leading to a loss of data integrity. The such kind of problems are less vulnerable to a sufficiently normalized table, because its structure reflects the basic assumptions of the multiple instances of the same information should be used when a single instance of only. There are rules for UNF, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF and domain-Key NF. Most textbooks mention 5NF and DKNF only in passing and note that they are not particularly applicable to be design process. Normalization is really about the formalism of simple ideas. All too often, the simplicity is lost in esoteric terminology and papers are often excessively concerned with the formalism and provide very practical insight. In this project, why need a normalization the database, it is because normalization is about designing a good database i.e. a set of related tales with a minimum of redundant data and no update, delete or insert anomalies. Normalization is a bottom up approach to database design, The designer interviews users and collects documents reports etc. The data on a report can be listed and then normalized to produce the required tables and attributes. First normal form to second normal form: To move form first normal form to second normal form I remove part-key dependencies. A relation is in second normal form if and only if it is first normal form every non key attributes is fully functionally dependent on the primary key Take for instance the table named Animal here I have a tow compound key BreedID and AppointmentID. BreedID and AppointmentID have influence on the Animal. Hence I brake out the determinant and dependent data items into their own table. Second normal form to third normal form: To move form second normal forms to tired normal form I remove inter-data dependences (non-key dependences). A relation is in third normal form if and only if it its in second normal form and every non-key attribute is non-transitively dependent on the primary key A use full mnemonic for remembering the relation for normalization is the distortion of the legal Oath presented below: No repeating group The data items depended upon the key. The while key And nothing but the key So help me code. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) A relation is in Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF) if and only if every one of its important functional dependencies is a candidate key. The definition of BCNF is handling certain situations which 3NF does not deal with. To distinguish the characteristics of a relation between 3NF and BCNF are given below. Since it is such a relationship is unlikely to have these properties, in the real life design the most case of the relations in 3NF are also in BCNF. Therefore many authors propose a vaguely distinction between 3NF and BCNF when it involves about giving advice to normalize a design for long term. As the relations in 3NF and BCNF are slightly difference, it is a bit difficult to bring up with significantly examples. To be strictly conforming to the definition of 3NF does not handle a relation that: 1. Has multiple candidate keys, which 2. Those candidate keys are composite, and 3. The candidate key overlap. For example, the candidate keys have at least one common attribute. Here is all tables after normalization: OwnerID Name Address HomePhoneNumber Mobile Table 2.11 VetAnimalType Using a Database Management System (DBMS) set-up all of the above normalised tables A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer software programs. It controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computer as a platform or of an organization and its end users. It allows the organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators and other specialists. A DBMS is a set of system software. It helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows the programs of different user application to access the same database easily. A DBMS is a set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. DBMSs are categorized according to their data structures or types. The DBMS accepts requests for data from an application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. The queries and responses must be submitted and received according to a format that conforms to one or more applicable protocols. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organizations information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. A DBMS includes four main parts: data structure, modeling language, database query language, and transaction mechanisms: Components of DBMS Data Definition Subsystem helps user to create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database. DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device. Data Manipulation Subsystem helps user to add, change, and delete information in a database and query it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary interface between user and the information contained in a database. It allows user to specify its logical information requirements. Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control, and change management. Application Generation Subsystem contains facilities to help users to develop transactions-intensive applications. It usually requires that user perform a detailed series of tasks to process a transaction. It facilities easy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces. Microsoft Access 2003 to setup normalized tables and designed test data. Set-up and test all of the following queries using Structured Query Language (SQL). Structured Query Language (SQL) is a computer language which is designed for managing data in a relational database management system. It lets users to access and manipulate the database. The following task is to display how the Structured Query Language helps users to managing data in the Academic Human resources department system. An SQL query manifests itself as a series of commands or statements. Queries may include arithmetic calculations and can use query elements or procedures stored in the system. SQL databases are designed from using SQL queries The SQL language is used to ask database questions for the data stored inside the database: what is the value of the element stored in Name index?, or what is the relationship between the data name and salary?. Manipulative commands, like insert data or update record are also issued using SQL queries. A Data Definition Language allows SQL queries to create or administer the data structures, the tables of data, which constitute the database. The actual syntax used is a little more strict and regimented than these natural language phrases suggest, but in effect this is the type of communication that will take place between a relational database and the person or device querying it using SQL. Provide printouts of SQL code for each query and the output produced when you run the query in the database you have developed: Display the names and addresses of the branches of Petcare and the names of all the veterinary doctors working at each of the branches. Any specialism(s) of the veterinary doctors should also be shown. Below is the SQL code for create the table. SELECT Branch.BranchName, Branch.Address, VET.VetName, AnimalType.AnimalTypeName FROM (AnimalType INNER JOIN VetAnimalType ON AnimalType.AnimalTypeID = VetAnimalType.AnimalTypeID) INNER JOIN (Branch INNER JOIN VET ON Branch.BranchID = VET.BranchID) ON VetAnimalType.VetAnimalTypeID = VET.VetAnimalTypeID; Display all the appointments for the whole of the Petcare organisation. This should be ordered by date. The result should display the branch the appointment is at, the name of the veterinary doctor the appointment is with, the date and time of the appointment, the name of the animal the appointment is for, the type of animal and the breed of the animal. Below is the SQL code for create the table. SELECT Branch.BranchName, Vet.VetName, Appointment.Date, Appointment.Time, Animal.AnimalName, AnimalType.AnimalTypeName, Breed.BreedName FROM (Branch INNER JOIN Vet ON Branch.BranchID = Vet.BranchID) INNER JOIN ((AnimalType INNER JOIN Breed ON AnimalType.AnimalTypeID = Breed.AnimalTypeID) INNER JOIN (Animal INNER JOIN Appointment ON Animal.AnimalID = Appointment.AnimalID) ON Breed.BreedID = Animal.BreedID) ON Vet.VetID = Appointment.VetID Task 5 assumptions and Improvements Assumption For the design the Petcare database system, we have made some assumptions before the implementation of the database. The entity relationship diagramming is created to identify each entity, relationship and attributes. The assumptions are the follows: We must need to assign vet to any new appointment. Since each doctor only can work at one Branch at a time and they can specialize more than one type of animal. This mean all branch can for any type of animal to make appointment. set all the primary keys and foreign keys in all of the tables, each table have their unique ID. Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only one primary key. In the task 3, we are using DBMS, Microsoft Access 2003, to setup normalized tables and designed test data. In the task 4, we are using SQL statements base on Microsoft Access 2003 to query our database to investigate the database system can be fulfills the requirements or not. Base on using the Entity relationship data model that describes the content and structure of the data help by the department. At the real environment, we can consider the database on three levels of abstraction: external, conceptual, and internal. The external level also has the users views of the database. This is depending on their needs, different users access different parts of the database. Improvements Object-orientation and databases Both object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since relational databases do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modeling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually based directly on these tables with user workflow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. The object-oriented (OO) approach to data modeling will be something of a change for people familiar with entity relationship modeling. Even though we still end up with tables and relationships at the end of the process, the way to think about the modeling process has to change. Object-relational data models have several advantages over traditional data models: They require fe wer entities (or classes in object-oriented terminology); They are more robust, in that they will support not only the specific user requirements gathered during the analysis phase, but will also usually support a broader class of requirements; They are more stable in that, as new requirements arise, the models will require fewer changes than traditional models Data is not information unless it is valued. Information value provides profit or gain only when accessible or used. Accessibility and use, through organized systems, provides competitive advantage. Speed determines the degree of competitive advantage. Computerized database systems are thus, the ultimate method of high-speed information retrieval. It is not difficult to build an organized database system. The difficulty lies in the laborious, mundane task of collecting, categorizing and maintaining the massive amounts of data. Information is not valued unless it is legitimate. It must be valid and true to be worthy of use in decision-making. So, it is critical that all aspects of our system provide quality. To quote statistics based on erroneous data is considered foolish or criminal. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modeling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. The database systems have become so important to organizations that the activity is devoted to planning for, monitoring and administering the systems. We can focus on the planning and managerial activities relevant to database. It is defined the concept of data administration, the scope of the data administration function, relate the costs and benefits of having a data administration functions. It also defines the concept of a data dictionary and considers the issue of database security. The data control is primary function for the database administrator (DBA). The DBA needs to be able to do three main things: Prevent would-be users from logging-on to the database Allocate access to specific parts of the database to specific users Allocate access to specific operations to specific users For the DBMS toolkit to review the database, the interface is essential function of most ICT systems it to interact with users. The three aspects are the content, control and format. The interface can be seen as collection of dialogues between the user and the ICT systems.

The Use of Deconstruction in Public Policy Formation Essay -- Problem

Deconstruction is a poststructural theory that has been applied with good results to such areas as Anthropology, Architecture, Critical Legal Studies, Graphic Design, and Literary Criticism. Our purpose is to introduce it into the practice of consulting in general, and public policy formation in particular. Several features of the recent work of Jacques Derrida (the Philosopher responsible for deconstruction) are relevant to our design of a Problem Tour. Problem A deconstructive approach to problem solving puts in question the concept of "problem" and the notion of "solution." "Problema can signify projection or protection, that which one poses or throws in front of oneself, either as the projection of a project, of a task to accomplish, or as the protection created by a substitute, a prosthesis that we put forth in order to represent, replace, shelter, or dissimulate ourselves, or so as to hide something unavowable--like a shield (problema also means shield, clothing as barrier or guard-barrier) behind which one guards oneself in secret or in shelter in case of danger. Every border is problematic in these two senses" (Derrida, 1993: 11-12). An allegorical definition of the effect of problem as shield is the scene in which the ghost of Hamlet's father, a "revenant," appears in full armor on the ramparts of Elsinor. The definition involves the fusion of a series of terms: advice, advise, adviser, advisory, visor. "To feel ourselves seen by a look which it will always be impossible to cross, that is the visor effect on the basis of which we inherit from the law. Since we do not see the one who sees us, and who makes the law, who delivers the injunction; since we do not see the one who orders 'swear,' we cannot identify i... ...ames the essence of tragedy. This dynamic continues today, and is the reason for the "urgency" of the emerAgency. WORKS CITED Benitez-Rojo, Antonio (1996), THE REPEATING ISLAND: THE CARIBBEAN AND THE POSTMODERN PERSPECTIVE, 2nd Ed., Trans. James E. Maraniss (Duke). Derrida, Jacques (1993), APORIAS, trans. Thomas Dutoit (Stanford). ____________ (1994), SPECTRES OF MARXS: THE STATE OF THE DEBT, THE WORK OF MOURNING, AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL, trans. Peggy Kamuf (Routledge). ____________ (1997), POLITICS OF FRIENDSHIP, trans. George Collins (Verso). Peters, F. E. (1967), GREEK PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS: A HISTORICAL LEXICON (New York University). Poundstone, William (1992), PRISONER'S DILEMMA: JOHN VON NEUMANN, GAME THEORY, AND THE PUZZLE OF THE BOMB (Doubleday) Ventura, Michael, "Hear That Long Snake Moan," in SHADOW DANCING IN THE USA (Tarcher, 1985).

Case study Essay

Inuit was founded in 1983 by Scott Cook (Former Procter & Gamble employee) and Tom Proulx (Stanford University Programmer), that develops and sells financial and tax solution software for consumers and small to medium sized businesses. The company has always thrived to revolutionise people’s lives by solving their important business and financial management problems. Quicken was its product that was launched in 1984 and struggled the first year, but due to positive reviews in trade journals and print campaign strategies, Intuit got its first break and by 1988 Quicken was the best selling finance product on the market. Early 1990’s saw Intuit growing due to success of Quicken, QuickBooks and Turbotax. These products made some significant contribution in small businesses. Porter’s five forces Analysis for Inuit: Any organization strategy that you develop needs to include gaining a thorough understanding of the external environment that the organization is operating in. The most widely tool that can help you to do this is Porter’s five force analysis. Porter’s model considers five forces that determine the attractiveness of your market by analyzing the competitive intensity. Similarly Porter’s five forces will help Intuit the position of the market and how much do they really stand a chance in this competitive industry, with Microsoft trying to buy them off. 1. Threat of new entrant: Intuit’s marketing strategies have helped the company evolve. Positive word of mouth an exceptional customer services is its most effective marketing tools. Roughly 8 out of 10 customers have bought Intuit’s product and hence engaging with customers directly and communicating with customers on a timely basis has helped distinguish its products. This leads to a very low threat of new entrants in the market. Due to this it is very difficult for new company’s to enter the market and compete with Intuit. 2. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Since Inuit is not the only one in the market, Microsoft being the biggest competitor it increases the bargaining power of buyers giving them more than one option to choose from. Intuit is very well aware of this fact and hence spends significant amount of time and money on consumer research every year. It is very critical for Intuit to know how customers use and feel about their products. This is possible by adapting Site Visit, Lab Study and Remote study conducted by Intuit. 3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The only product that Intuit needs is a compact disc and since there are many suppliers of compact disc in the market, the bargaining power of suppliers is very low. This leads to huge competition between suppliers and Intuit has an advantage. 4. Threat for Substitute Products: There is no substitute product available for tax and financial planning software’s apart from hiring specialised people in your company in that field which is turns out to be very expensive and also time consuming. Hence there is no threat for substitute products for Intuit in the market. 5. The intensity of rivalry: Intuit faces huge competition in the market for the products they offer. Microsoft, one of their biggest competitors has tried to buy off Intuit but failed and also withdrawn its money product line after a 18 year battle with Quicken. This has been a great win for Intuit over the software giant. There are many companies providing mobile devices which have become very popular among the younger consumers and hence this increases the intensity of rivalry in the market that will be faced by Intuit. Potential Market entry methods for Intuit: Intuit has a very few ways it can enter the potential market i.e. mobile devices. Depending on various factors, Intuit can adopt acquisition. This will be very quick and fastest way to enter the mobile devices industry. Intuit can acquire some firms that are already in the mobile device  business, have a strong customer base and have all access to the company’s network files. Reference: Pearson Education Limited (2012). Marketing Management (14th ed.). Kotler Keller: Author. Submitted by: Anchal Pathak

How to Edit Your Essay and Create a Perfect Work

How to Edit Your Essay and Create a Perfect Work How to Edit Your Essay and Make Your Writing Laconic Making your paper laconic is crucial, but it requires certain skills. We bet you do not really like reading paragraphs, which do not specify anything particular or really long sentences. Your main objective is to inform your reader about something, so your writing has to be professional enough. However, it is not necessary at all to interrupt the flow of your writing just to check whether you are laconic enough. Editing is to help you make your essay more laconic and precise. Below, you will find some tips on how to make your writing readable and more understandable to your reader. No general words – only specific ones To express specific points, writers use small and dubious words. Your work might seem a bit confusing if you include too many small words. It is possible to reach laconic writing by adding more specific words. For that purpose, it’s recommended to use a thesaurus. For example: The deputy informed people about hassles relating martial law in the country on local TV.- The deputy addressed martial law on local TV. Each word in your sentence has to be questioned In the process of writing, it is recommended to check each of the words to make sure it conveys something essential to your sentence. If some words don’t, just substitute or get rid of them. For example: My professor showed me how to cut useless words from my English essay I wrote in class today. – My professor showed me various techniques of cutting useless words from my essay. Combined sentences Sometimes, it is required to combine two sentences without decreasing their value, in case information doesn’t require a full sentence. Such combined sentences form laconic information. For example: The director’s movies show moral values and the significance of mutual respect between people. She created four movies. – Four movies of this director show moral values and the significance of mutual respect between people. Remove those words which emphasize obvious things Always think of readers when trying to make your essay laconic. If you noticed that some of the phrases or sentences show things obvious to everyone paraphrase or simply get rid of them, otherwise readers will lose interest in your paper. For example: She got my inquiry about LED screens yesterday, and read it with special attention. – She got my inquiry about LED screens yesterday. Remove unnecessary determiners Removing words or phrases, which do not contribute to the entire sentence but define the noun won’t destroy the meaning of your sentence, so you can easily do that. If you are not sure about its necessity, just write down your sentence without it. Does it make sense? Then this phrase is not necessary. If the sentence lost its meaning, then you should leave it. For example: I don’t really like any particular type of activity in this club. – I don’t like any activity in this club. Avoid repeating words Make sure not to mention some words and phrases too often in the text, especially in the same paragraph. If they don’t contribute to the content of your text, they are just not necessary. For example: Our company hired six new employees. These employees worked hard on the weekdays. – Our company hired six new employees who worked hard on the weekdays. No excessive pairs or categories Sometimes, we tend to you the word pairs implying each other, so pay attention to such pairs and avoid them. For example: sad tragedy, surprise, result, etc. some examples of excessive or redundant categories are: large in size, green color, a period in time, etc. Phrases can be transformed into single words and adjectives If possible, transform phrases describing something into single words or adjectives. For example: A student who works hard will always reach his goal. – A hard-working student will always reach his goal. Who, which, that clauses have to be converted to phrases As long as it is possible, transform clauses to single words or phrases. For example: All applicants who are willing to enter our University have to write a perfect essay. – All applicants have to write a perfect essay. Active voice instead of passive voice Try to use the active voice, while such phrases are laconic and precise. For example: This paper was written by John. – John wrote this paper. Avoid abusing expletives at the beginning of your sentences In some situations, such expletives as there+be-verb or it+be-verb are very effective, but not at the very beginning of the sentence. For example: It’s the coach who is supposed to motivate our team. – The coach is supposed to motivate our team. Don’t abuse noun forms of some verbs Whenever possible, use verbs instead of noun forms. Verbs are used to engage the readers and keep their interest. For example: My life is a collection of memories. – I collect memories. Some other don’ts Do not use there is/there are too often. Avoid such words as basically, more, actually, really, very. Don’t use clichà ©s. If you want your paper to be more professional and interesting to your reader, make it laconic. Don’t hesitate to use all the above-mentioned tips to edit your essay.

Society and Culture in Provincial America

Society and Culture in Provincial America The article titled, Crime and social control in provincial Massachusetts, by David Flaherty is basically a review of criminal activity in modern America. The analysis is majorly focused in the state of Massachusetts which in real sense represents a big part of what is generally referred to as provincial America.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Society and Culture in Provincial America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article tries to bring out the importance of social control in addressing the issue of criminality in the United States. Among the major issues highlighted include the maintenance of homogeneity in the population, the establishment of a proper system for the prosecution of criminals as well as the involvement of certain interest groups (such as church leaders) in commending appropriate behavior and rebuking undesired character. This article is very relevant to the course as it clearly provides an i llustration of how different components of society influence each other’s development over certain periods of time. Aside from this, American history focuses on various aspects of societal development including the development of criminal law and its application in conjunction with other strategies to reduce vices in society. The author’s main line of argument is that society makes criminals. This is drawn from his proposition that in order to address the issue of rampant crime, it is important for persons to first look at the roles they play in ensuring that the society around them is safe (Tolles 1957, 102). This includes encouraging the individual to personally exercise ideal morality before trying to establish ways of making the community function as a strong cohesive whole. According to the author, crime keeps on developing new facets as the years pass by. Provincial and national crimes are basically on an upward trend this is the main reason why the relevant crim e-prevention authorities need to draw on the resources and skills of different members of their teams in order to arrest the situation. The author explains that crime cannot only be tackled using policing methods only. He asserts that there are some types of criminal activities, such as those linked to drug abuse, which are prevented by tackling the underlying challenge. These, the author says are dealt with by modifying the environment in which they happen or sometimes by altering the social conditions that are purported to have basic linkages as far as the activities are concerned. Flaherty also asserts that in order to reduce crime, a conscious effort has to be made in order to provide support to those individuals who fall victim to the acts of criminals. This, according to him provides the required support to police investigations as well as to ensure that victims are not targeted again.Advertising Looking for article on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Using facts from the Massachusetts provincial criminal records over a given period of time, the author establishes that the art of crime prevention is an analytical process that starts by establishing the causes of criminal acts, the damage they cause to the victims and the amount of resources and skills that will be used to properly mitigate the situation. In this regard, Flaherty suggests that the prevention of criminal activities is most likely going to be effective if the strategies are based in the regions closest the occurrence, i.e. the interventions are more effective if carried out at a provincial level than at a national level. The approach taken is even more effective if a number of problem solving strategies are directed towards the solution of one criminal activity (Frank 2008, 238). Provincial governments, therefore, have a very critical duty as far as the control and prevention of crime is concerned (McDougall 2005, 46). The article has served to enlighten me in a number of ways, both as a scholar and as an individual. First is the fact that I have been able to establish the correlation between individual conduct and its effect in the security and character of society. In this regard, the article has shown me that change in society starts with the individual and that it is only until every member of a given community decides to lead a positive life that change happens. Secondly, I have been able to understand how the provincial culture determines the outlook of the entire society and that the input of various key social groupings can impact on a regions history. Pertaining to this, I have been able to link the basic social unit i.e. the family to the development of individual character which in turn has an impact on proper societal functioning. In his article, David Flaherty has raised a number of important questions. Top on the list is whether or not the destruction of the family structu re is responsible for the surging crime rates. His discussion appears to support the ideology that stability of the family set up is important in the raising of a responsible citizenry. Another question raised by the author and which has also been resolved is the connections are between various social vices such as alcoholism and crime. The author suggests that it is imperative for agencies handling crime to address the underlying issues while seeking solutions for criminal activities.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Society and Culture in Provincial America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Flaherty, David.1981. â€Å"Crime and Social Control in Provincial Massachusetts†. The  Historical Journal, 24, pp 339-360 Frank, Andrew. 2008. American Revolution: people and perspectives. California: ABC-CLIO McDougall, Walter. 2005. Freedom Just Around the Corner: A New American  History: 1585-1828. New York: HarperCollins Tolles, Frederick. 1957. James Logan and the culture of provincial America. New York: Little Brown

Health in education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health in education - Assignment Example In order to ensure children’s good health, the role of teachers, parents, the community, and the environment cannot be underplayed. Their contribution in any way offers vital information regarding their mental, physical, emotional, and social well-being. Health education for all the stakeholders; students, parents, teachers, and health professional is essential. This helps equip everyone with necessary information concerning procedures, steps to be taken, and ideal safety measures that need to be observed so that good health for children is ensured. Whatever observations have been made concerning the health of a child by the teacher, parent, or community is vital and essential in identifying changes in the health status of a child. More often than not, teachers and parents refer these types of illnesses and many others to the appropriate health professionals such as counselors. Counseling is a vital component of the coordinated early childhood health since it helps address health issues such as trauma, stress disorders, etc. Counseling can also help families appreciate and understand the need for professional health care especially in circumstances that they do not seem to see the need. As noted earlier, the community, parents, and teachers are only observers and cannot in any way attempt to diagnose the health problems of a child. This is where health services come in handy since it is the responsibility for health practitioners to diagnose and recommend proper actions.

Substainable Construction Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substainable Construction Products - Essay Example This can also assist in the restoration and enhancement of the environment (Kats et al 2003). LEED sustainable sites has the responsibility of encouraging the observance of the standards which are the best measures via strategies like using alternative transportation, efficient design for lighting of the site, developing high density sites, managing storm water among other concerns (Clevenger 2008). Many owners have also realized that there are financial advantages of selecting and maintaining sustainable sites particularly tax incentives for developing brown fields and reducing space conditioning by selecting cool roofing material. This is the finest management approach for storm water that makes use of soil, microorganism, and plants for filtering, retaining, and infiltration of storm water runoff from those sites that are developed. Bioretention is a very critical element of low impact development tactic since it is relatively simple, less costly, efficient and aesthetically attractive. Filtrexx growing Media TM is crucial for effective installation of bioretention. This product can be used on practically every site employing a range of design skills. The advantages are that it eases installation, controls pollution, durability, control runoff and establishes vegetation (Clevenger 2008). b) JM Reflective roof: TopGard 4000 This is a multi-use product 100 percent acrylic elastomeric coat used for several substrates like asphalt to be applied on roofing. The product offers an exceptional bleed-blocking characteristic that makes it especially well-suited to coat over asphalt. It has special qualities like wet bonding, elongation and tensile force. It is used as an outstanding reflective outside layer over smooth or granulated plane roofing structures on roofs. The benefits are that it is energy saving, prolongs roof life, acrylic permanence, totally adhered fitting bleed-blocking (Kibert 2008). 3) Water Efficiency LEED implements water efficiency to decrease production of waste water and enhance drinkable water whereas enhancing the home aquifer renewing. It is utilized in two options: option one - is reducing the potable water used for construction of sewage passage by half via use of water conservation fixtures or non-potable water. Or alternatively treating half of the wastewater on the site to tertiary standards: this water can be filtrated or reused on the site (Jones 2008). a) Toto ultra-low-flow water closets These types of toilets are easily cleaned. They utilize unique technology which makes it easy to clean and thus saves water. A research was conducted on their efficiency and it was found out that they bested about 46 models. They are slightly elongated for flow that clearly cleans effectively. TOTO's G max expertise guarantees efficiency, low cost, and low noise (Clevenger 2008). b) Delta 1.8-gpm sensor faucets These faucets are very efficient, they operate in hands free activation mode and they also automatically stop running to conserve water by preventing overflow. Their taps are sensor operated for this efficiency; they are able to save up to about